Bibliography of the Mahdiyya

Bibliography of the Mahdiyya


Unpublished Theses:

Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Shouk. “The Fiscal Administration of the Mahdist State in the Sudan (1881–1898).” MA thesis (University of Bergen, 1991). 


Ahmed Khalid Abdalla. “The Lahawiyin: Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe.” PhD thesis (Durham University, 2010). 


Badini, Francesca. “Le Pie Madri della Nigrizia e i Comboniani prigionieri della Mahdiyya (1881–1898): memoire ed epistole.” MA thesis (University of Bologna, 2016–2017).


Deemer, James (Khalid) Davidson. “Umm Durmān during the Mahdiyya.” PhD thesis (Harvard University, 1988).


Ewald, Janet Joran. “Leadership and Social Change on an Islamic Frontier: The Kingdom of Taqali, 1780–1900.” PhD thesis (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1982).


Johnson, Nels. “The Ideological Structure of the Sudanese Mahdiya.” MA thesis (McGill University, 1972).


Kramer, Robert S. “Holy City on the Nile: Omdurman, 1885–1898.” PhD dissertation (Northwestern University, 1991). 


Kuhn, Michael William. “Markets and Trade in Omdurman, Sudan.” PhD dissertation (University of California Los Angeles, 1970).


Maḥmūd ʿAbdallāh Ibrāhīm. “Ḥamla al-amīr Maḥmūd w. Aḥmad ilā al-shamāl 1315 H‒1897/98 AD.” MA thesis (University of Khartoum, 1969).


M.E. Shibeika. “The Sudan and the Mahdist Revolution of 1881–5.” PhD thesis (University of London, 1949).


Muḥammad Saʿīd al-Qaddāl. “Minṭaqa al-Qaḍārif—al-Qāllabāt fīʿahd al-Mahdiyya dirāsa fī al-siyāsa al-dākhiliyya wa-l-khārjiyya li-dawla al-Mahdiyya.” MA thesis (University of Khartoum, 1970). 


Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad. “ʿAlāqāt al-dawla al-Mahdiyya bi al-Ḥabasha wa-āthar al-ʿawāmil al-dawliyya ʿilīhā.” MA thesis (Cairo University, 1977).


Poussier, Anaël. “Ruling the Unruly: a Provincial History of the Mahdiyya in Eastern Sudan (1883–1891).” PhD thesis (Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2024). 


Salih Mohammad Nur. “A critical edition of the Memoirs of Yūsuf Mikhāʾīl.” PhD thesis (University of London, 1962).


Shaked, Haim. “An Historical Study of Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Qādir, Kitāb Saʿādat al-Mustahdī bi-Sīrat al-Imām al-Mahdī.” PhD thesis (University of London, 1969). 


Syed Abdur Razack Bukhari. “Military Aspects of Internal Security in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1925, With Special Reference to Northern Sudan.” MA thesis (Royal Holloway College, 1972). 


Viviane Amina Yagi. “Le Khalifa ʿAbdullahi: sa vie et sa politique.” PhD thesis (Université Paul Valéry, 1990). 


Primary Sources:

“A Short Account of the Work of the Egyptian Cavalry During the Atbara and Omdurman Campaigns [From an Unpublished Diary of an Officer],” The Cavalry Journal 5 (1910), 55–90, 159–187.


Abdel Rahman El Mahdi. “Correspondence [The Mahdi’s last letter to General Gordon],” Sudan Notes and Records 24 (1941), 229–232.


ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Zakī, ed. "Yawmiyāt ʿAbbās Bik" Majallat al-jamʿiyyat al-Miṣriyya lil-darāsāt al-taʾrīkhiyya 3, no. 2 (1950) 71–156.


ʿAbd al-Maḥmūd ʿAbd al-Shāma. Min Ābā ila Taslahāyī. Khartoum: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿAskariyya, 1987.


Ahmad Ibrahim Abu Shouk and Anders Bjørkelo, trans. The Public Treasury of the Muslims: Monthly Budgets of the Mahdist State in the Sudan, 1897. Leiden: Brill, 1996.


Aḥmad Ibrāhīm Abū Shūk, ed. Mudhakirrāt Yūsuf Mikhāʾīl: shahāda shāhid ʿayān ʿalā al-Turkiyya wa-l-Mahdiyya wa-al-ḥukm al-thanāʾī al-Sūdān. 


Allen, Bernard M. “How Khartoum Fell,” Journal of the Royal African Society 40, no. 161 (1941), 327–334.


Alford, Henry S.L., and W. Dennistoun Sword. The Egyptian Soudan: Its Loss and Recovery. London: Macmillan, 1898.


Ali Gulla. “The Defeat of Hicks Pasha,” Sudan Notes and Records 8 (1925), 119–123.


ʿAlī al-Mahdī. al-Aqwāl al-marwiyya fī taʾrīkh al-Mahdiyya. ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad Aḥmad Ḥasan, ed. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1965.


Amīn al-Tūm. Dhikrayāt wa-mawāqif fī ṭarīq al-haraka al-waṭaniyya al-Sūdāniyya, 1914–1969, 2nd edn. Khartoum: al-Dār al-Sūdāniyya al-Kitab, 2004.


“An Officer.” Sudan Campaign, 1896–1899. London: Chapman and Hall, 1899.


Atteridge, A. Hilliard. Towards Khartoum: The Story of the Soudan War of 1896. London: A.D. Innes, 1897.


Babikr Bedri. The Memoirs of Babikr Bedri. Yousef Bedri and George Scott, trans. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.


Bennett, Ernest N. “After Omdurman,” The Contemporary Review 75 (1899a), 18–33.


Bennett, Ernest N. The Downfall of the Dervishes; or, The Avenging of Gordon: Being a Personal Narrative of the Final Soudan Campaign of 1898. London: Methuen, 1899b.


Benson, G.E. “A Patrol on the Atbara,” Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution 26 (1899), 39–54.


Beresford, Charles. The Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, 2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1914.


Brailsford, Henry Noel. “Osman Digna,” Adventures in Prose: A Book of Essays. London: Herbert and Daniel, 1911, 241–251.


Bjørkelo, Anders and Ahmad Abu Shouk. “A Land Dispute in Berber,” Sudanic Africa 2 (1991), 1–28.


Bonomi Luigi. “Letter of Missioner of the Institute of Verona, to his Superior,” Annals of the Propagation of the Faith 46, no. 271 (1883), 276–281.


Buchta, Richard. Der Sudan unter ägyptischer Herrschaft: Rückblicke auf die letzten sechzig Jahre. Leipzig: F.A. Brodhaus, 1888. 


Burleigh, Bennet. Desert Warfare: Being a Chronicle of the Eastern Soudan Campaign. London: Chapman and Hall, 1884.


Burleigh, Bennet. Sirdar and Khalifa; or, The Re-Conquest of the Soudan. London: George Bell and Sons, 1899a.


Burleigh, Bennet. Khartoum Campaign 1898; or, The Re-Conquest of the Soudan. London: Chapman and Hall, 1899b.


Butler, W.F. The Campaign of the Cataracts: Being a Personal Narrative of the Great Nile Expedition of 1884–5. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1887.


Borelli, Octave. La Chute de Khartoum 26 Janvier 1885: Procès du colonel Hassan-Benhassaoui, Juin-Juillet 1887. Paris: Maison Quantin, 1893.


Brackenbury, Henry. The River Column: A Narrative of the Advance of the River Column of the Nile Expeditionary Force, and Its Return Down the Rapids. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1885.


Brackenbury, H. “Artillery Used in Recent Campaigns in Egypt and its Effects,” Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution 26 (1899), 67–99.


Brackenbury, Henry. Some Memories of My Spare Time. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1909.


Bredin, G.R.F. “The Life-Story of Yuzbashi ʿAbdullah Adlan,” Sudan Notes and Records 42 (1961), 37–52.


Broadbent, P.B. “Reminiscences of a Berber Merchant,” Sudan Notes and Records 23, no. 1 (1940), 123–130.


Churchill, Winston S. My Early Life: A Roving Commission, new edn. London: Odhams Press, n.d.


Churchill, Winston Spencer. The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan, 2 vols. F. Rhodes, ed. London: Longmans, 1899.


Colborne, J. With Hicks Pasha in the Soudan: Being an Account of the Senaar Campaign in 1883. London: Smith, Elder, 1884.


Comyn, D.C.E.ff. Service & Sport in the Sudan: A Record of the Administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. With Some Intervals of Sport and Travel. London: John Lane, 1911.


Colville, H.E. History of the Sudan Campaign, 2 vols. London: Harrison and Sons, 1889. 


Cosson, E.A. de. Days and Nights of Service With Sir Gerald Graham’s Field Force At Saukin. London: John Murray, 1886.


Cuzzi, Guiseppe. Fifteen Years Prisoner of the False Prophet. H. Sharma, trans. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit, 1968.


Cuzzi, Giuseppe. 15 Jahre Gefangener des falschen Propheten. Hans Resener, ed. Leipzig: Philipp Reclam Jr., 1900. 


Cromer, Earl. Modern Egypt, 2-vols-in-1. New York: Macmillan, 1916.


Daly, M.W. “Omdurman and Fashoda, 1898: Edited and Annotated Letters of F.R. Wingate,” Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies) 10, no. 1 (1983a), 21–37.


Daly, M.W., ed. The Road to Shaykan: Letters of General William Hicks Pasha written during the Sennar and Kordofan Campaigns, 1883. Durham: University of Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 1983.


Dietrich, Ernst Ludwig. “Der Mahdi Moḥammed Aḥmed vom Sudan nach arabischen Quellen,” Der Islam 14 (1925), 199–288.


Egerton, Granville. The 72nd Highlanders in the Sudan Campaigns of 1898. London: Eden Fisher, 1909.


Egyptian Sub-Editor. “Among the Missing of the Heavy Camel Corps,” The Cavalry Journal 9 (1914), 286–287.

 

Elmslie, F.G. “Some Experiences in Egypt,” Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution 26 (1899), 55–66.


Emery, Frank. Marching Over Africa: Letters from Victorian Soldiers. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1986.


Erlich, Haggai. “A Contemporary Biography of Ras Alula: A Ge‘ez Manuscript From Mänäwē, Tämbēn,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, no. 1 (1976), 1–46; 39, no. 2 (1976), 287–327.


Extracts From the Diaries and Letters of Hubert Howard With a Recollection by a Friend. Oxford: Horace Hart, 1899.


Francis Mading Deng. The Recollections of Babo Nimir. London: Ithaca Press, 1982.


Gleichen, Count. With the Camel Corps Up the Nile. London: Chapman and Hall, 1888.


Gleichen, Count. With the Mission to Menelik, 1897. London: Edward Arnold, 1898.


Gleichen, Edward. A Guardsman’s Memories: A Book of Recollections. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1932.


Gordon, M.A, ed. Letters of General C.G. Gordon to His Sister M.A. Gordon. London: Macmillan, 1888.


Haggard, Andrew. Under Crescent and Star. London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1895.


Greaves, George Richard. Memoirs of General Sir George Richard Greaves. London: John Murray, 1924. 


Hake, A. Egmont, ed. The Journals of Major-Gen. C.G. Gordon, C.B., At Khartoum. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1885.


Harrington, Peter and Frederic A. Sharf, eds. Omdurman 1898: The Eye-Witnesses Speak. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1998.


Harris, John, ed. “The Nile Expedition of 1898 and Omdurman—The Diary of Sergeant S.W. Harris, Grenadier Guards,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 78, no. 313 (2000), 11–28.


Ḥātim al-Ṣiddīq Muḥammad Aḥmad, ed. Taʾrīkh ḥayāt al-Nūr bik Muḥammad ʿAnqara bi-qalamih 1924 AD. Khartoum: Dār Arithīriyyā lil-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2023.


Hay, E. Drummond. “Stories,” Sudan Notes and Records 2, no. 1 (1919), 79.


Hill, Richard, ed. The Sudan Memoirs of Carl Christian Giegler Pasha, 1873–83. Thirza Küpper, trans. London: Oxford University Press, 1984.


Hope, A.C. “The Adventurous Life of Faraj Sadik,” Sudan Notes and Records 32, no. 1 (1951), 151–158.


Hopkinson, H.C.B. “Sudan Recollections,” The Cornhill Magazine, new series, 7 (1899), 47–57.


Hunwick, John O. “A Mahdist Letter From Darfur,” Sudanic Africa 13 (2002), 83–89.


Ibrahim Faheil. “The Nahās of the Kababish,” Sudan Notes and Records 11 (1928), 213–215.


Ibrāhīm Fawzī. al-Sūdān bayna yadāy Ghurdūn wa Kitshanir, 2 vols. Cairo: n.p., 1901.


Ibrahim Fawzi Pasha. The History of the Sudan Between the Times of Gordon and Kitchener: Volume 1 (1291-1302/1874-85). Khalid J.D. Deemer and Zohaa El Gamal, trans. Amman: Al al-Bayt University, 1997.


Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Qādir. Kitāb saʿādat al-mustahadī bi-sīrat al-Imām al-Mahdī. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, ed. Bayrūt: Dār al-Jīl, 1982. 


Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Qādir. al-Ḥarb al-ḥabashiyya. al-Ṭirāz al-manqūsh bi-bushrā qatl Yuḥannā malik al-Ḥabūsh. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm and Muḥammad Saʿīd al-Qaddāl, ed. Bayrūt: Dār al-Jīl, 1991.


Ismāʿīl al-ʿAtbānī. “Mudhakirrāt al-shaykh al-jalīl Mitawwalī Muḥammad al-ʿAtbānī,” Dirāsāt al-Ifrīqiyya 25 (2001), 125–144.


Jackson, H.C. Sudan Days and Ways. London: Macmillan, 1954.


Jackson, H.W. “Fashoda, 1898,” Sudan Notes and Records 3, no. 1 (1920), 1–11.


Jackson, H.W. “Description of the Bordein and the Telahwieh, 1884–1885,” Sudan Notes and Records 15, no. 2 (1932), 269–271.


James, Lionel. High Pressure: Being Some Record of Activities in the Service of The Times Newspaper. London: John Murray, 1929. 


James, Wendy, Gerd Bauman, and Douglas Johnson. Juan Maria Schuver’s Travels in North East Africa, 1880–1883. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1996.


Knight, E.F. Letters From the Sudan. London: Macmillan, 1897.


Knight, E.F. Reminiscences: The Wanderings of a Yachtsman and War Correspondent. London: Hutchinson, 1923. 


Kusel, Baron de. An Englishman’s Recollections of Egypt, 1862 to 1887. London: John Lane, 1915.


Lidchi, Henrietta and Stuart Allan, eds. Dividing the Spoils: Perspectives on military collections and the British empire. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.


Lupton, Frank. “Mr. Frank Lupton’s (Lupton bey) Geographical Observations in the Bahr-el-Ghazal Region: with Introductory Remarks by Malcom Lupton,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography 6, no. 5 (1884), 245–255.


MacDonald, Alex. Too Late for Gordon and Khartoum: The Testimony of an Independant Eye-Witness of the Heroic Efforts for their Rescue and Relief. London: John Murray, 1887.


Machell, Percy. “Memoirs of a Soudanese Soldier (Ali Effendi Gifoon),” The Cornhill Magazine, new series, 1 (1896), 30–40, 175–187, 326–338, 484–492. 


Macleod, W.E. Hicks Pasha and the Government: A Few Words in Defence of An Old Comrade. London: Edward Stanford, 1884.


Malet, Edward. Egypt, 1879–1883. London: John Murray, 1909.


Marling, Percival. Rifleman and Hussar. London: John Murray, 1931.


Maxse, F.I. Seymour Vandeleur: The Story of a British Officer Being a Memoir of Brevet–Lieutenant–Colonel Vandeleur, D.S.O., Scots Guards and Irish Guards, With a General Description of His Campaigns. New York: Longmans, 1906.


McCalmont, Hugh. The Memoirs of Major-General Sir Hugh McCalmont, K.C.B., C.V.O. C.E. Callwell, ed. London: Hutchinson, 1924.


Melville, Walter. Under Queen and Khedive. London: William Heinemann, 1899.


Meredith, John. Omdurman Diaries 1898: Eye Witness Accounts of the Legendary Campaign. Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1998.


Milner, Alfred. England in Egypt. London: Edward Arnold, 1892.


Mitford, B.R. “Extracts From the Diary of a Subaltern on the Nile in the Eighties and Nineties,” Sudan Notes and Records 18, no. 2 (1935), 167–193; 19, no. 2 (1936), 199–231; 20, no. 1 (1937), 63–89. 


Montague-Stuart-Wortley, E.J. “My Reminiscences of Egypt and the Soudan (from 1882 to 1899),” Sudan Notes and Records 34, no. 1 (1953), 17–46; 34, no. 2 (1953), 172–188.


Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Sālīm, ed. al-Āthār al-kāmila lil-Imām al-Mahdī, 7 vols. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1990–1994.


Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Sālīm, ed. Mudhakkirāt ʿUthmān Diqna, 2nd edn. Khartoum: Dār al-Balad lil-Ṭabbāʿ wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1998. 


Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Abū Sālīm and Knut S. Vikør. “The Man Who Believed in the Mahdi,” Sudanic Africa 2 (1991), 29–52.


Mohd-Nushi and others. General Report on the Siege and Fall of Khartoum. Cairo: n.p., 1885.


Naʿūm Shuqayr. Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān al-qadīm wa-l-ḥadīth wa-jughrafiyyatuhuh, 3-vols-in-1. Cairo: n.p., n.d. [1903].


Neufeld, Charles. A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelve Years’ Captivity at Omdurman, 4th edn. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900.


Nicoll, Fergus, ed. A Cool, Equable Judgement: The Sudan Journals of Lt. Col. J.D. Hamil-Stewart. Milton Keynes: The Modestine Press, 2014.


Nicoll, Fergus, ed. A Perfect Pandemonium: The Khartoum Journals of Major-General Charles Gordon. Milton Keynes: The Modestine Press, 2017.


Nicoll, Fergus, ed. Fully Equal to the Occasion: Frank Power and the Siege of Khartoum. Milton Keynes: The Modestine Press, 2018.


One who knows them well [Moberly Bell]. Khedives & Pashas: Sketches of Contemporary Egyptian Rulers and Statesmen. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1884.


Parry, E. Gambier. Suakin, 1885: Being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year, 2nd edn. London: Kagan Paul, Trench, 1886.


Power, Frank. Letters from Khartoum: Written During the Siege. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1885.


Preston, Adrian, ed. In Relief of Gordon: Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal of The Khartoum Relief Expedition, 1884–1885. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1967.


Prior, Melton. Campaigns of a War Correspondent. S.L. Bensusan, ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1912.


Rehfisch, F., trans. “Omdurman During the Mahdiya,” Sudan Notes and Records 48 (1967), 33–61.


Reid, J.A. “Story of a Mahdist Amir,” Sudan Notes and Records 9, no. 2 (1926), 79–82.


Reid, J.A. “Reminiscences of the Sudan Mahdi, Sheikh Mohammed Ahmed: By His Personal Servant Mohammed El Mekki Ghuleib, Who is Still Living in the Sudan,” Journal of the Royal African Society 35, no. 138 (1936), 71–75. 


Reid, J.A.R. “The Death of Gordon: An Eye-witness Account,” Sudan Notes and Records 20, no. 1 (1937a), 172–173.


Reid, J.A. “The Mahdi’s Emirs,” Sudan Notes and Records 20, no. 2 (1937b), 308–312.


Reid, J.A. “Some Notes on the Khalifa Abdullahi from Contemporary Sudanese Sources,” Sudan Notes and Records 21, no. 1 (1938), 207–211.


Repington, Charles à Court. Vestígía: Reminiscence of Peace and War. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1919.


Robinson, C.H. “Hausa Pilgrims from the Western Sudan, Together with a Native Account of the Death of General Gordon,” The Geographical Journal 2, no. 5 (1893), 451–454.


Salmon, R. “The Story of Sheikh Abdullahi Ahmed Abu Gelaha, a Sudanese Vicar of Bray,” Sudan Notes and Records 21, no. 1 (1938), 79–103. 


Sartorius, Ernestine. Three Months in the Soudan. London: Kagan Paul, Trench, 1885. 


Schweinfurth, G., F. Ratzel, R.W. Felkin, and G. Hartlaub, eds. Emin Pasha in Central Africa: Being a Collection of His Letters and Journals. Mrs. R.W. Felkin, trans. London: George Philip and Son, 1888.


Scott, Douglas, ed. Douglas Haig: The Preparatory Prologue, 1861–1914—Diaries and Letters. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2006.


Sharkey, Heather J. “Aḥmad Zaynī Daḥlān’s al-Futuḥāt al-Islāmiyya: A Contemporary View of the Sudanese Mahdi,” Sudanic Africa 5 (1994a), 67–75.


Sladen, Douglas. Egypt and the English: Showing British Public Opinion in Egypt Upon the Egyptian Question: With Chapters on the Success of the Sudan and the Delights of Travel in Egypt and the Sudan. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1908.  


Slatin, Rudolf C. Fire and Sword in the Sudan: A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes, 1879–1895. F.R. Wingate, trans. London: Edward Arnold, 1896.


Smith, H.E.H. “Notes on an outbreak of Epidemic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis occurring during the Autumn and Winter of 1898–99, at Omdurman and surrounding parts of the Sudan,” Army Medical Department Report 40 (1900), 567–574.


Smith-Dorrien, Horace. Memories of Forty-Eight Years’ Service. London: John Murray, 1925. 


Spaulding, Jay. “Administrative Reform in the Mahdist State: An Example from the Rubāṭāb, 1303/1885,” Sudanic Africa 6 (1995), 11–16.


Stacy, C.P., ed. Records of the Nile Voyageurs, 1884–1885: The Canadian Voyageur Contingent in the Gordon Relief Expedition. Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1959. 


Steevens, G.W. With Kitchener to Khartum. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1915.


Stephenson, Frederick Charles Arthur. At Home and On the Battlefield: Letters from the Crimea, China, and Egypt, 1854–1888. Frank Pownall, ed.London: John Murray, 1915.


Stewart, Norman. My Service Days: India, Afghanistan, Saukim ‘85, and China. London: John Ouseley, 1908.


Stevens, E.S. My Sudan Year. London: Mills and Boon, 1912.


Sverdrup, George. “A Letter from the Mahdi Muhammad Ahamd to General C.G. Gordon,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 31, no. 4 (1911), 368–388.


Tame, G.B. “Legends of the Halawin of Blue Nile Province,” Sudan Notes and Records 17, no. 2 (1934), 201–216.


Thaddeus, H. Jones. Recollections of a Court Painter. London: John Lane, 1912.


“The Diary of ʿAbbas Bey,” Sudan Notes and Records 32, no. 2 (1951), 179–196.


Turner, Alfred E. Sixty Years of a Soldiers’ Life. London: Methuen, 1912.


Turner, R.A. “The Epistles of the Mahdi,” National Review 20 (1892–1893), 767–781.


Vetch. R.H. Life, Letters, and Diaries of Lieut.-General Sir Gerald Graham V.C., G.C.B., R.E. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1901.


Villiers, Frederic. Villiers: His Five Decades of Adventures, 2 vols. New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1920.


Ward, John. Our Sudan: Its Pyramids and Progress. London: John Murray, 1905.


Watkins, Owen S. With Kitchener’s Army: Being a Chaplain’s Experiences with the Nile Expedition, 1898. London: S.W. Partridge, 1899. 


Whitaker, James, ed. The Military Diary of Colonel W.W.C. Verner: An account of the expedition mounted to relieve General Gordon at Khartoum in the Sudan, with associated papers. 1884–1885. Leeds: Peregrine Books, 2003. 


Wilson, Charles W. From Korti to Khartum: A Journal of the Desert March from Korti to Gubat, and of the Ascent of the Nile in General Gordon’s Steamers, 2nd edn. Edinburgh and Lindon: William Blackwood and Sons, 1886.


Wingate, F.R. Ten Years’ Captivity in the Mahdi’s Camp, 1882–1892: From the Original Manuscripts of Father Joseph Ohrwalder, 7th edn. London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1892.


Wood, Evelyn. From Midshipman to Field Marshal, 2nd edn. 2 vols. London: Methuen, 1906.


Woods, Frederick, eds. Young Winston’s Wars: The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent, 1897–1900. New York: The Viking Press, 1972.


Wortley, Edward Stuart. “With the Sirdar,” Scribner’s Magazine 25 (1899), 118–122.


Wylde, Augustus B. ‘83 to ‘87 in the Soudan: With an Account of Sir William Hewett’s Mission to King John of Abyssinia, 2nd edn. 2 vols. London: Remington, 1888. 

Yacoub Pasha Artin. England in the Sudan. George Robb, trans. London: Macmillan, 1911.


Secondary Sources:

Abba Idris Adam. “The Intellectual Tussle Between The Sudanese Mahdi And Muslim Scholars,” IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Sciences 21, no. 9 (2016), 9–14.


Abbas Ibrahim Muhammad Ali. “Contemporary British Views on the Khalifa’s Rule,” Sudan Notes and Records 51 (1970), 31–46.


Abbas Ibrahim Muhammad Ali. “The British Military Officers and the Sudan, 1886–1896,” Sudan Notes and Records 54 (1973), 17–31.


ʿAbdallāh ʿAlī Ibrāhīm. al-Ṣirāʿ bayn al-Mahdā wa-l-ʿulāmāʾ. Cairo: Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Sūdāniyya, n.d.


Abdullahi Ali Ibrahim. “Sudanese Historiography and Oral Tradition,” History in Africa 12 (1985), 117–130. 


Abd-al Ghaffar Muhammad Ahmad. Shaykhs and Followers: Political Struggle in the Rufaʿa al-Hoi Nazirate in the Sudan. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1974.


Abdul Wadoud Shalaby. Mahdi of the Sudan: Ideological Principles Underlying His Mission and Movement, 2nd edn. Cairo: Maktabat al-Adāb, n.d.


Aglen, E.F. “Sheikan Battlefield,” Sudan Notes and Records 20, no. 1 (1937), 138–145. See also: “Errata,” Sudan Notes and Records 21, no. 1 (1938). 


Abboudi, Daisy. “A Short History of the Jews in Sudan,” Sudan Studies 62 (2020), 90–102.


Ahmed Ibrahim Abu Shouk. “A Bibliography of the Mahdist State in the Sudan (1881–1898),” Sudanic Africa 10 (1999), 133–168.


Ahmed Ibrahim Abushouk. “Ideology versus Pragmatism—The Case of the Mahdist Public Treasury in the Sudan (1881–1898),” Die Welt des Islams, new series, 46, no. 2 (2006), 148–167.


Ahmed Ibrahim Abushouk. “The Ideology of the Expected MahdÊ in Muslim History: The Case of the Sudanese Mahdiyya, 1881–1898,” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture 30, no. 1 (2009), 43–60.


Ahmed Ibrahim Abushouk and Robert S. Kramer. “The Pen and the Sword: The Case of the Sudanese Mahdī,” Rulers as Authors in the Islamic World: Knowledge, Authority and Legitimacy. Maribel, Fierro, Sonja Brentjes and Tilman Seidensticker, eds. Leiden: Brill, 2024, 320–343.


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